Fig. 3

Comparison of growing degree days (GDD) for parental populations of A. myosuroides (a) and L. multiflorum (b) from autumn- and spring-cropping backgrounds under different vernalisation treatments. The vernalisation treatments are No vern, no vernalisation; Germination vern, germination vernalisation; Seedling vern, seedling vernalisation; Germination + Seedling, germination and seedling vernalisation. The vertical solid lines represent the mean thermal time (GDD) from planting to flowering of populations from the same background within each treatment. The width of each curve shows the overall flowering window under each treatment. The average number of days (d) to first flowering, corresponding to the GDD values on the x-axis, is annotated within each subplot. Visual comparison of distinct flowering stages observed in autumn and spring populations of A. myosuroides and L. multiflorum under no vernalisation and germination vernalisation treatment, respectively (c, d).