Table 4 Partial parameters of the HSS model.

\({\text{m}}\)

Typically 0.5–1.0 for cohesive soils³⁵, taken as 0.8 in this paper³⁸

\(\upsilon_{ur}\)

0.2³⁷

\(p^{ref}\)

100 kPa³⁷

\(K_{0}\)

\(\left( {1 - {\text{sin}}\varphi^{,} } \right)\)³⁹

\(G_{0}^{ref}\)

\(G_{0}^{ref} = 3.5\sim 5.0E_{ur}^{ref}\)³⁶