Table 2 Variable definitions.
Variable category | Variables | Define | Attributes |
|---|---|---|---|
Control variable | Population density (PD) | Ratio of year-end resident population of cities to built-up area of administrative districts | − |
Level of urban openness to the outside world (OTW) | Logarithm of actual FDI use | + | |
Urban industrial structure (UIS) | Ratio of value added in the tertiary sector to value added in the secondary sector | + | |
Level of urban financial development (LUFD) | Ratio of loan balances of financial institutions to GDP at the end of the year | + | |
Urban income levels (UIL) | Average wage of local workers | + | |
Percentage of fiscal expenditure on education (PFEE) | Ratio of local education expenditure to GDP | + | |
Moderator variable | TI*NQPF | TI and NQPF cross-multiplication terms | + |
Threshold variables | Technology innovation (TI) | Number of patents granted in three categories | + |
