Table 1 Classical to modern anatomical descriptions of the human GM.

From: Structural re-evaluation of the human gluteus maximus

Authors	Book title	Descriptions
Authors	Book title	Division	Origin	Insertion*
Browne²³	A Complet Treatise of the Muscles, As They Appear in Humane Body, and Arise in Dissection	−	Ilium, sacrum	Linea aspera
Winslow²⁴	Exposition Anatomique de la Structure du Corps Humain	−	Ilium, sacrum, coccyx	Linea aspera, fascia lata
Cowper²⁵	The Anatomy of the Humane Bodies	−	Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament	Linea aspera, fascia lata
Albinus²⁶	Tabulae Sceleti et Musculorum Corporis Humani	−	Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, thoracolumbar fascia,	Linea aspera, vastus lateralis
Sabatier²⁷	Traité Complet D’Anatomie ou Description de Toutes les Parties du Corps Humain	−	Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, posterior sacroiliac ligament	Linea aspera, fascia lata, vastus lateralis
Cheselden²⁸	The Anatomy of the Human Body	−	Ilium, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament	Linea aspera
Bell²⁹	The Anatomy of the Human Body (4th ed.)	−	Ilium, sacroiliac joint, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament	Root of the great trochanter, linea aspera
Bock³⁰	Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen	−	Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, posterior sacroiliac ligament	Linea aspera, fascia lata
Hyrtl³¹	Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen mit Rücksicht auf physiologische Begründung und praktische Anwendung	−	Coccyx, thoracolumbar fascia, sacrotuberous ligament	Linea aspera, greater trochanter, fascia lata
Quain et al.³²	Human Anatomy	Upper portion (larger)	Ilium, sacrum, posterior sacroiliac ligament, sacrotuberous ligament, coccyx	Fascia lata
Quain et al.³²	Human Anatomy	Lower portion		Gluteal tuberosity
Gegenbaur³³	Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen	Upper portion	Ilium, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament	Fascia lata
Gegenbaur³³	Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen	Lower portion	Ilium, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament	Gluteal tuberosity
Merkel³⁴	J. Henle’s Grundriss der Anatomie des Menschen	Superficial portion	Ilium, sacrum, thoracolumbar fascia, coccyx	Fascia lata
Merkel³⁴	J. Henle’s Grundriss der Anatomie des Menschen	Deep portion	Ilium, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament	Linea aspera
Testut⁴²	Traité D’ Anatomie Humaine	Upper portion	Ilium, posterior sacroiliac ligament, thoracolumbar fascia, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament	Gluteal tuberosity
Testut⁴²	Traité D’ Anatomie Humaine	Lower portion		Fascia lata
Poirier and Charpy⁴³	Traité D’ Anatomie Humaine	Superficial portion	Ilium, thoracolumabar fascia, sacrum, coccyx, poserior sacroiliac ligament, gluteal aponeurosis	Fascia lata
Poirier and Charpy⁴³	Traité D’ Anatomie Humaine	deep portion		Linea aspera
Gray³⁵	Anatomy of the Human Body (20th ed.)	Upper portion & superficial fibers of lower portion	Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, thoracolumbar fascia, sacrotuberous ligament, gluteal aponeurosis	Iliotibial tract (of fascia lata)
Gray³⁵	Anatomy of the Human Body (20th ed.)	Deep fibers of lower portion		Gluteal tuberosity
Piersol³⁶	Human Anatomy (7th ed.)	Upper portion	Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, posterior sacroiliac ligament, sacrotuberous ligament	Iliotibial tract (of fascia lata)
Piersol³⁶	Human Anatomy (7th ed.)	Lower portion		Gluteal tuberosity
Kopsch³⁷	RAUBER/KOPSCH Lehrbuch und Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen	Upper two thirds portion	Ilium, thoracolumbar fascia, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament	Fascia lata
Kopsch³⁷	RAUBER/KOPSCH Lehrbuch und Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen	Lower third portion		Gluteal tuberosity
Schaeffer²	Morris’ Human Anatomy: A Complete Systematic Treatise (10th ed.)	Large superficial portion	Ilium, thoracolumbar fascia	Iliotibial tract
Schaeffer²		Deep portion	Sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament	Gluteal tuberosity, vastus lateralis origin
Williams³	Gray’s Anatomy (38th ed.)	Upper portion & superficial fibers of lower portion	Ilium, thoracolumbar fascia, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, gluteal aponeurosis	Iliotibial tract
Williams³	Gray’s Anatomy (38th ed.)	Deep fibers of lower portion		Gluteal tuberosity
Rosse et al.³⁸	Hollinshead’s Textbook of Anatomy	Upper portion & superficial fibers of lower portion	Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament	Iliotibial tract
Rosse et al.³⁸	Hollinshead’s Textbook of Anatomy	Deep fibers of lower portion	Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament	Gluteal tuberosity
Rouvière and Delmas⁴⁴	Anatomie Humaine: Descriptive, Topobraphique et Fonctionnelle (15th ed.)	Superficial portion	Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, gluteal aponeurosis	Fascia lata
Rouvière and Delmas⁴⁴		Deep portion		Linea aspera, lateral intermuscular septum
Paulsen and Waschke³⁹	Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy (15th ed.)	Superficial portion	Sacrum, ilium, thoracolumbar fascia	Iliotibial tract, fascia lata
Paulsen and Waschke³⁹	Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy (15th ed.)	Deep portion	Sacrotuberous ligament	Gluteal tuberosity
Gilroy et al.⁴⁰	Atlas of Anatomy (2ed ed.)	Upper portion	Sacrum, ilium, thoracolumbar fascia, sacrotuberous ligament	Iliotibial tract
Gilroy et al.⁴⁰	Atlas of Anatomy (2ed ed.)	Lower portion	Sacrum, ilium, thoracolumbar fascia, sacrotuberous ligament	Gluteal tuberosity
Koshi¹	Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy (16th ed.)	Superficial three quarters portion	Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament	Iliotibial tract
Koshi¹	Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy (16th ed.)	Deep quarter portion	Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament	Gluteal tuberosity
Moore et al.⁴¹	Clinically Oriented Anatomy (8th ed.)	Superior portion & superficial fibers of inferior portion	Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament	Iliotibial tract
Moore et al.⁴¹	Clinically Oriented Anatomy (8th ed.)	Deep fibers of inferior portion	Ilium, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament	Gluteal tuberosity

*The iliotibial tract is a thickened lateral part of the fascia lata; the gluteal tuberosity transitions into the linea aspera (lateral lip) on the posterior surface of the femur.

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Table 1 Classical to modern anatomical descriptions of the human GM.

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