Table 1 M&C models.

From: Management and control decision of energy intensity in logistics industry under the background of dual carbon strategy in China

Model type

Model form

Regulatory factor

Parameter description

Other description

exponential model(M1)

\(y_{t} = y_{0} e^{at}\)

\(e^{at}\)(a < 0)

t is time

It can be gradually adjusted according to time and proportion

\(y_{t} = y_{0} \lambda^{t}\)

\(\lambda^{t}\)(0 < \(\lambda\) < 1)

t is time

Difference model26 (M2)

\(y_{t} = (1{ - }\phi )^{{\text{t}}} (y_{0} - \mathop y\limits^{ \wedge } ) + \mathop y\limits^{ \wedge }\)

\((1{ - }\phi )^{{\text{t}}}\)

\(\phi\)(0 < \(\phi\) < 1)

\(\mathop y\limits^{ \wedge }\) is the long-term desire value, t is time

Linear model(M3)

\(y_{t} = y_{0} + bt\)

b(b < 0)

t is time