Fig. 5
LMW-DFR-GM and - DM postpone proliferation, aging, and differentiation of keratinocytes. (A) HaCaT cells were incubated with LMW-F-DFR-GM for 7 days. Confocal live images of live and dead assays show the con-DFR-GM-HaCaT cells and LMW-F-DFR-GM-HaCaT cells, with live cells indicated in green and dead cells indicated with red arrows. Scale bars represent 200 μm. (B) Cellular senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining in each group at 14 days. The red arrows indicate the senescent cells positive for SA-β-gal staining. Scale bars, 200 μm. (C) The bar graph shows the number of SA-β-gal positive cells. (D) IFS analysis for maintaining the function of HaCaT cells in each group (con-DFR-GM, LMW-F-DFR-GM, con-DFR-DM, LMW-F-DFR-DM). Scale bars represent 200 μm. (E) Western blot analysis for detecting molecular signatures of biomarkers in each group. (F) CLV assay for characterizing cell health in each group. The graph indicates the measurement of CLVs. The data are represented as the mean ± SEM of triplicate assays expressed as a ratio of the con-DFR-DM. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test. *P < 0.05 versus controls.
