Table 1 CYP inhibition assay of Sd-021.

	Filename	Area ratio mean (area/ISTD area) ± SD	%R
Acetaminophen(1A2)	Control	0.394 ± 0.023	100
	Ketoconazole(reference)	0.41 ± 0.012	104.2
	0.1 µM Sd-021	0.417 ± 0.008	106
	0.5 µM Sd-021	0.415 ± 0.019	105.5
	2 µM Sd-021	0.405 ± 0.006	102.9
	10 µM Sd-021	0.371 ± 0.005	94.1
4’-hydroxydiclofenac(2C9)	Control	2.74 ± 0.113	100
	Ketoconazole(reference)	2.911 ± 0.074	106.2
	0.1 µM Sd-021	2.974 ± 0.012	108.5
	0.5 µM Sd-021	2.892 ± 0.106	105.5
	2 µM Sd-021	2.713 ± 0.004	99
	10 µM Sd-021	1.858 ± 0.023	67.8
4’-hydroxymephenytoin(2C19)	Control	0.051 ± 0.001	100
	Ketoconazole(reference)	0.056 ± 0.003	111.1
	0.1 µM Sd-021	0.056 ± 0.003	109.8
	0.5 µM Sd-021	0.054 ± 0	107
	2 µM Sd-021	0.054 ± 0.001	106.2
	10 µM Sd-021	0.045 ± 0.002	88.6
Dextrophan(2D6)	Control	0.676 ± 0.068	100
	Ketoconazole(reference)	0.748 ± 0.032	110.6
	0.1 µM Sd-021	0.601 ± 0.004	89
	0.5 µM Sd-021	0.696 ± 0.074	102.9
	2 µM Sd-021	0.746 ± 0.009	110.3
	10 µM Sd-021	0.62 ± 0.01	91.7
1’-hydroxymidazolam(3A4)	Control	1.506 ± 0.089	100
	Ketoconazole(reference)	0.405 ± 0.007	26.9
	0.1 µM Sd-021	1.613 ± 0.036	107.1
	0.5 µM Sd-021	1.633 ± 0.041	108.4
	2 µM Sd-021	1.672 ± 0.023	111
	10 µM Sd-021	1.414 ± 0.014	93.9

IC₅₀ values (µM) for each derivative against the CYP enzyme were calculated from percent activity values measured after a 15 min incubation at each concentration using Phoenix WinNonlin software. Area/ Internal Standard(ISTD) area represents the peak area of the analyte normalized to the peak area of the ISTD. Ketoconazole (0.1 µM) was used as a positive control, with its % control activity (acceptance range: 25% ± 10%) serving as an internal evaluation criterion. SD represents the standard deviation of duplicate measurements. %R represents the relative activity (%) of each sample based on the mean Area Ratio compared to the control. Inhibitory potency was classified based on IC₅₀ as potent (<1 µM), moderate (1–10 µM), or no/weak (>10 µM).

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