Fig. 8 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 8

From: Vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids attenuate MSG-induced neurodegeneration by modulating tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and VDR expression in rats

Fig. 8

Hippocampal concentrations of inflammation-related cytokines. The graphs show the ELIZA results for the hippocampi of the rats in the following groups: (A): tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), (B): interleukin-6 (IL-6), and (C) interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the brain hippocampi of the experimental groups; control, monosodium glutamate group; (MSG + vitamin D group; (MSG + Vit D), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid group; (MSG + N-3), and the combined treatment group; (MSG + Vit D and N-3). The data are expressed as the means ± SEMs. Symbols above individual bars indicate a significant P value < 0.05 for multiple pairwise comparisons between groups by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test; (a): for significance vs. control; (b): for significance vs. MSG; (c): for significance vs. Vit D; and (d): for significance vs. N-3 PUFAs.

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