Fig. 9 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 9

From: Vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids attenuate MSG-induced neurodegeneration by modulating tau pathology, neuroinflammation, and VDR expression in rats

Fig. 9

Representation of changes in rat hippocampus mRNA expression. The graphs show the fold changes in the expression of VDR (A), caspase-3 (B), α-synuclein (C), and calmodulin-1 (CaM-1) (D) in the brain hippocampi of the experimental groups relative to the control group. Monosodium glutamate group; (MSG), vitamin D group; (MSG + vitamin D), omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid group; (MSG + N-3), combined treatment group; (MSG + vitamin D and N-3). The data are expressed as the means ± SEMs (n = 10 per group). Symbols above individual bars indicate a significant P value of < 0.05 for multiple pairwise comparisons between groups according to the Tukey HSD post hoc test; (a): for significance vs. control; (b): for significance vs. MSG; (c): for significance vs. Vit D; and (d): for significance vs. N-3 PUFAs.

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