Table 1 Summary of significant clinically negative correlations between glucose metabolism parameters and cognitive functions. A: glucose metabolism parameter; B: study (author, year); C: cognitive domains with significant negative correlation; D: cognitive battery, test used in the study.

A	B	C	D
HbA1c	Montalvo et al.³⁴	Processing speed, reasoning/problem-solving visual learning, attention	MCCB
	Tang et al.⁴⁰	Visual and verbal learning	MCCB
	Jakobsen et al.⁴⁵	Global cognition	BACS
HOMA-IR	Soontornniyomkij et al.³⁹	Global cognition	TICS-M, D-KEFS
	Qi Tao et al.³⁵	Global cognition	MCCB
	Liu Y. F. et al.33	Attention, visual and verbal learning	MCCB
Insulin	Lis M. et al.³⁶	Language	RBANS
Insulin	Liu Y. F. et al.³³	Attention, visual and verbal learning	MCCB
Glucose	Nandeesha et al.⁴¹	Memory, fluency, global cognition	ACE-III
	Grover et al.⁴⁸	Attention, executive functions, verbal memory	TMT-A, TMT-B, COWA, Stroop, AVLT, ToL
	Zhang et al.⁴⁹	Global cognition	RBANS
	Salaj et al.⁴⁶	Executive functions	WCST
	Chen et al.⁴⁷	Fluency, working memory	MCCB
	Ali D. et al.⁴²	Processing speed, memory	TMT-A, TMT-B, WMS-R

HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, RBANS Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, AVLT Auditory Verbal Learning Test, COWA Controlled Oral Word Association Test, TMT-A/B Trail Making Test-A/B, MCCB MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, BACS Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, TICS-M The Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status, D-KEFS Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System Test, CPT Continuous Performance Test, WAIS-R Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, WCST Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, ToL Tower of London, ACE-III Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, WMS-R Wechsler Memory Scale Revised.

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