Table 9 Comparative analysis with state-of-the-art methods.

From: Decentralized trust framework for smart cities: a blockchain-enabled cybersecurity and data integrity model

Metric

Proposed Framework

López & Farooq1,2

Balasubramaniam et al.4,5

Khan et al.8

Singh et al.16

Sefati et al.31

Transaction Throughput (tps)

450–500

120–150

180–220

100–120

220–280

300–350

Latency (ms)

150–200

500–600

450–550

600–700

350–450

250–300

Energy Efficiency (kWh/day)

80–100

300–350

280–320

400–450

200–250

150–180

Threat Detection Rate (%)

98.2

84.5

86.2

82.7

89.5

92.8

False Positive Rate (%)

3.8

15.6

14.8

16.2

10.3

7.5

IoT Device Battery Life (hours)

22–24

12

13

10

14–16

16–18

Network Scalability (nodes)

12,000

3,000

4,000

2,500

5,000

8,000

Recovery Time (minutes)

8

52

48

60

32

22