Table 1 Comprehensive analysis.

Hu et al.¹⁶

Wireless Heterogeneous Network (5G)

Energy and spectrum-efficient allocation

Optimized spectrum and energy use

Dynamic load balancing across heterogeneous networks

Luoto et al.¹⁷

Co-primary multi-operator small cell network

Shared spectrum among operators

Improved spectrum efficiency

Cooperative load distribution among operators

Georgakopoulos et al.¹⁸

Sustainable 5G resource-sharing model

Energy and resource-efficient allocation

Enhanced sustainability via sharing

Dynamic load adaptation for efficiency

Kliks et al.¹⁹

5G network resource-sharing framework

Multi-operator resource sharing

Efficient spectrum and infrastructure use

Decentralized load management

Lloret et al.²⁰

WSN for vineyard monitoring

Image processing-based allocation

Energy-efficient sensor usage

Task-based load distribution

Thakre et al.²¹

PD-NOMA for 5G

Power-domain allocation

Improved spectral efficiency

User clustering for load balancing

Naeem et al.²²

RL/DL-based MIMO system

AI-driven dynamic allocation

Optimized MIMO resource usage

Adaptive load control via AI

Qian et al.²³

Super Base Station (5G)

Centralized resource management

High-capacity utilization

Centralized load coordination

Logeshwaran et al.²⁴

D2D communication

Enhanced D2D resource allocation

Improved proximity-based reuse

Interference-aware load management

Kiruthiga et al.²⁵

WSN data aggregation

In-network aggregation

Energy-efficient data transmission

Reduced communication load

Yarkina et al.²⁶

Multi-tenant 5G slicing

Priority-based slice allocation

Equitable resource sharing

Performance-isolated slice management

Lloret et al.²⁷

Underwater WSN (2.4 GHz)

Bandwidth-constrained allocation

Low-frequency band utilization

Delay-tolerant load handling

Benzaghta et al.²⁸

Massive MIMO (5G)

Channel estimation-based allocation

High spatial efficiency

User-centric load distribution