Table 1 Paleogeographic/oceanographic events referred to in the text, with information on geological ages and the biogeographic units involved. Note that the given biogeographic units primarily refer to the species-level results (compare Fig. 1A).
Paleogeographic/oceanographic event | Biogeographic unit(s) involved | Age | Notes | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Opening of Atlantic Ocean | Tropical Eastern Atlantic < > Western Atlantic | Early Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous | Age range indicates diachronous opening of North and South Atlantic | 47, 48 |
Formation/intensification of Labrador Current | Western Atlantic < > Arctic + Cold-temperate Northeast Pacific/Northwest Atlantic | Latest Cretaceous to Miocene | Age range refers to potential onset versus significant intensification of current with influence on Gulf Stream | 49 |
Split of Zealandia from Gondwana | New Zealand < > Tropical Indo-Pacific/Southern Australia/Antarctic | Late Cretaceous | 50, 51 | |
Opening of Drake and Tasmanian passages/formation of Antarctic Circumpolar Current | Antarctic < > Warm-temperate Southeast Pacific + Magellanic/Temperate South Africa/Southern Australia/New Zealand/Tropical Indo-Pacific | Latest Eocene to early Oligocene | 52, 53 | |
Formation of Gomphotherium land bridge | Tropical Indo-Pacific < > Temperate Northeast Atlantic | Early Miocene | 54 | |
Restriction of Indonesian Passage | Tropical Indo-Pacific | Early Late Miocene | Restricted connection but still open | 59 |
Formation/intensification of Humboldt Current System | Warm-temperate Southeast Pacific + Magellanic < > Tropical Eastern Pacific/Warm-temperate Southwest Atlantic/Antarctic | Late Oligocene to latest Miocene | Age range concerns onset versus intensification, with increased input of cold water | 42, 60 |
Closing of Central American Seaway/formation of Isthmus of Panama | Tropical Eastern Pacific < > Western Atlantic | Miocene to Late Pliocene | Age range mirrors shift from constrained deep ocean circulation to ultimate closure of seaway | 61–64 |
