Table 2 Relationship between demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and sleep patterns. Notes: The table presents the results from the mixed-effects regression analysis, including individual random effects. N represents the number of observations. Each observation in the regression represents the total sleep aggregated for either the entire day, nighttime, or daytime. Sleep duration is measured in minutes, and sleep quality is rated on a four-point scale, with four indicating the best quality and one the worst. Social status comparison is a self-assessment of household social standing on a scale from 1 (low), 2 (average), to 3 (high). Living area is categorized from 1 (rural), 2 (semi-rural), to 3 (urban). Column (5) includes only individuals who get daytime sleep and Column (10) includes those who get daytime sleep within the subgroup experiencing insufficient nighttime sleep. *, **, and *** indicate statistical significance at the 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01 level, respectively. Standard errors are shown in parentheses.

From: Sleep patterns, sociodemographic correlates, and their association with economic preferences among Indian smallholder farmers

 

Full sample

Individuals with insufficient sleep (< 7h)

Sleep duration per day

Sleep quality

Nighttime sleep duration

|7-hour deviation|

Daytime sleep duration

Sleep duration per day

Sleep quality

Nighttime sleep duration

|7-hour deviation|

Daytime sleep duration

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

Age (in years)

− 7.007***

− 0.003

− 5.701**

− 0.968

− 0.522

− 1.159

0.036

− 0.141

− 1.742

− 6.221

(2.447)

(0.015)

(2.246)

(1.378)

(3.535)

(2.924)

(0.034)

(2.701)

(2.622)

(6.344)

Age\(^2\) (in years)

0.065***

0.000

0.052**

0.011

0.001

0.006

− 0.000

− 0.007

0.023

0.059

(0.023)

(0.000)

(0.022)

(0.013)

(0.031)

(0.028)

(0.000)

(0.026)

(0.025)

(0.058)

Female

18.620*

0.087

15.680

− 14.631**

8.845

17.220

0.045

19.281*

− 26.603***

3.209

(11.010)

(0.078)

(9.831)

(7.276)

(13.450)

(11.430)

(0.114)

(10.870)

(10.020)

(17.636)

Married

7.366

0.070

− 1.806

0.641

− 4.657

7.633

0.179

4.858

− 5.118

− 16.772

(15.970)

(0.102)

(13.360)

(9.480)

(17.451)

(18.240)

(0.155)

(15.930)

(14.220)

(20.200)

Religion (Hindu)

13.890

0.019

− 27.059*

17.620

− 8.325

− 47.414**

0.228

− 18.260

37.550**

34.090*

(59.660)

(0.151)

(16.020)

(14.910)

(20.596)

(21.680)

(0.249)

(20.930)

(18.680)

(19.566)

Caste (General)

5.052

− 0.019

− 2.544

− 4.914

− 2.844

10.350

0.063

6.622

− 10.510

11.250

(10.310)

(0.069)

(9.181)

(6.837)

(14.862)

(11.230)

(0.098)

(10.730)

(10.040)

(16.663)

Household size

0.763

− 0.002

− 0.141

− 0.500

− 2.560*

1.792

− 0.002

0.575

− 0.998

− 3.610**

(1.675)

(0.009)

(1.534)

(1.036)

(1.442)

(1.381)

(0.011)

(1.292)

(1.157)

(1.802)

Education (in years)

0.271

− 0.001

− 0.196

− 0.075

− 0.453

− 0.484

− 0.015

− 1.075

− 0.202

0.197

(1.395)

(0.009)

(1.272)

(0.933)

(1.698)

(1.509)

(0.012)

(1.350)

(1.230)

(1.593)

Monthly income (in 1,000 INR)

− 0.025

0.004*

− 0.274

0.132

0.436

0.264

0.003

− 0.293

0.176

1.337*

(0.396)

(0.002)

(0.437)

(0.333)

(0.755)

(0.461)

(0.004)

(0.479)

(0.445)

(0.797)

Social status

0.940

0.150*

− 5.671

6.653

− 2.199

1.347

0.325*

3.319

6.037

− 40.417**

comparison

(13.300)

(0.091)

(12.700)

(9.987)

(12.577)

(17.080)

(0.168)

(17.550)

(16.130)

(16.674)

Living area

0.768

− 0.027

− 6.460

8.514

11.330

4.035

0.024

− 10.820

8.068

29.372**

(11.380)

(0.072)

(10.190)

(7.475)

(12.270)

(11.880)

(0.103)

(11.520)

(10.460)

(12.742)

Constant

518.311***

3.424***

588.839***

52.000

94.600

397.153***

1.803*

407.301***

70.050

204.631

(91.113)

(0.503)

(69.195)

(46.357)

(87.468)

(93.320)

(0.982)

(84.384)

(78.607)

(149.619)

N

1,117

959

1,063

1,063

200

715

580

682

682

127

Back to article page