Table 2 Hazard ratios for total, non-aggressive, and aggressive prostate cancer risk according to height, body mass index, and smoking status.

From: Association of height, BMI, and smoking status with prostate cancer risk before and after the introduction of PSA testing in Sweden

Variables

Total PCa (n men = 171,889)

Non-aggressive PCa (n men = 89,034)

Aggressive PCa (n men = 89,034)

Cases

(n = 8,049)

HR (95% CI)

Cases

(n = 3,984)

HR (95% CI)

Cases

(n = 1,181)

HR (95% CI)

Height quartiles (cm)

      

Q1; <172

1,647

1.00

622

1.00

199

1.00

Q2; 172 to <176

1,939

1.12 (1.05, 1.19)

890

1.12 (1.01, 1.25)

277

1.13 (0.94, 1.36)

Q3; 176 to <180

1,922

1.09 (1.02, 1.17)

959

1.10 (0.99, 1.22)

296

1.13 (0.94, 1.36)

Q4; ≥180

2,541

1.10 (1.04, 1.18)

1,513

1.14 (1.04, 1.26)

409

1.07 (0.90, 1.27)

Per 5 cm

8,049

1.03 (1.01, 1.05)

3,984

1.03 (1.01, 1.06)

1,181

1.03 (0.98, 1.07)

P-value for trend

 

0.02

 

0.02

 

0.66

BMI category (kg/m2)

      

<18.5

22

0.91 (0.60, 1.38)

9

0.87 (0.45, 1.68)

5

1.62 (0.67, 3.91)

18.5–24.9

3,237

1.00

1,622

1.00

444

1.00

25.0–29.9

4,048

1.04 (0.99, 1.09)

2,005

0.99 (0.92, 1.05)

599

1.06 (0.94, 1.20)

≥30

742

0.90 (0.83, 0.97)

348

0.75 (0.67, 0.85)

133

1.01 (0.83, 1.23)

Per 5 kg/m2

8,049

0.99 (0.95, 1.01)

3,984

0.90 (0.85. 0.94)

1,181

1.03 (0.95, 1.13)

P-value for trend

 

0.31

 

< 0.001

 

0.72

Smoking status*

      

Never

2,671

1.00

1,518

1.00

441

1.00

Former

2,239

0.99 (0.94, 1.05)

1,403

0.98 (0.91, 1.06)

402

0.98 (0.85, 1.12)

Current

2,257

0.95 (0.89, 1.00)

997

0.88 (0.81, 0.95)

317

0.95 (0.83, 1.11)

P-value for trend

 

0.08

 

0.002

 

0.53

  1. The analyses of non-aggressive and aggressive PCa included 89,034 non-censored men by January 1, 1998, when the Swedish National Prostate Cancer Register became nationwide.
  2. Hazard ratios were derived from Cox regression models with BMI, height, and smoking status modelled in categories with attained age as the time scale, stratified by birth cohort (< 1920, 1920–1929, 1930–1939, ≥ 1940). Tests for trend across categories of height quartiles, BMI, and smoking status, were conducted using the Wald test of linear associations, with categories treated as an ordinal variable, from the Cox regression models adjusted for covariates. Estimates were adjusted for education level, marital status, mode of height and weight assessment, birth country, and smoking status. Estimates for height were not adjusted for BMI and smoking status. Estimates for smoking status were not adjusted for BMI, height, and modes of height and weight measurement. * Smoking status analyses excluded the missing information; 23,245 (14%) for incident PCa and 1256 (1.4%) for non-aggressive and aggressive PCa analyses. Abbreviations: HR, Hazard Ratio. PCa, Prostate cancer. CI. Confidence Interval.
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