Table 4 Sources of selected publications on the dynamics of coffee color during roasting, including coffee origin, roast profiles, and type of color-measuring instrument used. The final column reports the average ΔE* between equations (2) and (3) and with the L*a*b* values reported in the respective study.
Reference | Coffee type/origin/postharvest processing method | Roasting equipment /batch size | Roast profiles | Instrument/ Illuminant /aperture size/observation angle | Mean ΔΕ* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tarigan et al.20 | Robusta/Indonesia/ Wet processing | Probat BRZ 2/100 g | Temp:180, 190, 220, 200 ℃ Time: 4, 6, 7, 8 min | Hunterlab mini scan EZ/unspecified/unspecified/[45/0°] | 0.81 |
Schenker26 | Arabica/Colombia /Wet processing | Fluidized-bed laboratory roaster/100 g | HTST: 260℃, 180s LTLT: 220℃, 720s | Konica minolta chroma meter CR-310/unspecified/50 mm/[d/0°] | 1.07 |
Rodriguez et al.41 | Arabica/Colombia/ Wet, Semi-dry processing | TC 150R laboratory quantik roaster /150 g | Temp:180–220 °C Time:7–33 min | Konica minolta chroma meter CR-410 /unspecified/50 mm/[d/0°] | 1.38 |
Yeager et al.33 | Arabica/ El Salvador, Indonesia, Ethiopia/ wet, wet-hulled & honey processing | Probatino P5/ unspecified | Temp:185–220 °C Time:11–15 min | Konica minolta chroma meter CR-400/D65/50 mm/[d/0°] | 1.51 |
Cwikova et al.22 | Arabica/14 origins/ wet, dry processing | Unspecified/ unspecified | Temp:194–197 °C (light), 202–209 °C (medium), 212–217 °C (dark) | Konica minolta chroma meter CR-3500d/unspecified/unspecified | 1.69 |
Wang et al.19 | Arabica/Brazil/wet processing | Fluidized bed roaster-fresh roast SR 500/45 g | Temp:210, 220, 230,240 °C Time: start & end of 1st & 2nd crack, 48 s after 1st & 2nd crack | Konica minolta chroma meter CR -3500d /unspecified/30 mm/[d/8°] | 1.70 |
Mehaya et al.28 | Arabica/Ethiopia/ unspecified | Drying oven-heratherm OMS60, /100 g | Temp:160, 180, 220 °C Time:10, 20, 30, 40 min | Hunter, lab scan XE/unspecified/unspecified/[45/0°] | 1.77 |
Cortes-Macias et al.40 | Arabica/Colombia/ dry, wet, semi-dry processing | TC Rotary drum roaster/150 g | Temp:190 ± 2.5 °C Time:8.24, 9.12 min | Konica minolta chroma meter CR-700d/D65/unspecified/[d/8°] | 2.87 |
Yuksel et al.24 | Robusta/ unspecified/ unspecified | Microwave, Infrared oven, drying oven/100 g | Temp: 700, 490, 350 W (microwave); 600, 1200 W(infrared); 160, 180, 200,220 °C (oven) Time: 10, 20, 30 min | HunterLab colorflex EZ/D65/unspecified/unspecified | 3.0 |
Lee et al.44 | Arabica/Brazil/ unspecified | CBR-101 A hot air roaster, pan, air fryer/ 100 g | Temp: 200, 220, 240 °C, Time: 1, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 min | NR-12 A color meter/unspecified/unspecified/ unspecified | 3.71 |
Tsai et al.8 | Arabica/Indonesia/unspecified | Unspecified/ unspecified | Temp:200 °C | HunterLab mini scan EZ, 4000 S/unspecified/unspecified/[45/0°] | 5.02 |
Pramudita et al.18 | Arabica /Colombia/unspecified | Drying oven/5.5 g | Temp: 140, 180, 220, 260, 300 °C Time:15,30,60,120,240 min, 24 h | NF-333 handy spectrophotometer/unspecified/8 mm/[45/0°] | 5.03 |
Hidayat et al.17 | Arabica, Robusta/unspecified/wet processing | Drum roaster/750 g | Temp: 180 °C Time: few mins post 1st & 2nd crack | NH 310 colorimeter/unspecified/unspecified /[d/8°] | 6.79 |
Nicoli et al.56 | Arabica/unspecified/ unspecified | VTRV laboratory roaster/1000 g | Temp: 200,220 °C Time: 8,10,15,20 min | Konica minolta chroma meter CR-200/unspecified/unspecified/unspecified | 7.34 |
Bicho et al.1 | Arabica, Robusta/Brazil, India/ unspecified | Unspecified/ unspecified | Temp: 200–240 °C Time: 5–12 min | Konica minolta chroma meter CR-300/D65, C/8 mm /[d/0°] | 14.51 |
Song et al.43 | Arabica, Robusta/ Guatemala, India/ unspecified | OKS-1.5 drum roaster/ unspecified | Temp: max 220 °C Time: 11–13 min | HunterLab ultra scan XE/unspecified/unspecified/unspecified | 15.28 |
Ortolá et al.23 | Arabica, Robusta/ Colombia, Indonesia/ unspecified | Tec 250 especial C drum roaster /25 g | Temp: 200,235,250,265,280,295 °C Time:5–30 min | HunterLab ultra scan XED65/unspecified/[d/0°] | 15.93 |
Putri et al.21 | Robusta/ unspecified/ unspecified | Unspecified/ unspecified | Unspecified | 3NH-NH300 colorimeter/unspecified/unspecified/unspecified | 16.63 |
Odzakovic et al.16 | Arabica, Robusta/India/ unspecified | Unspecified/ unspecified | Temp:167, 171, 175 °C Time: 25 min | Konica minolta chroma meter CR-410 /D65 /50 mm/[d/0°] | 18.91 |
Onishi et al.34 | Bread/pullman-type bread | DOE-02 static electric oven | Temp:140–260 ℃ Time: 5–80 min | NF-333 pen-type spectrophotometer | 8.0 |
