Fig. 4

Imd pathway-related gene expression profiles at different developmental stages of Spodoptera frugiperda. The gene annotations and pathway mapping were based on KEGG (https://www.kegg.jp/entry/map04624). (A) Trends in total Imd pathway gene expression (sum of Log2FPKM) at different stages of development of S. frugiperda. (B) Heatmap of individual Imd pathway gene expression profiles (Log2FPKM) in humoral immunity at developmental ages. E: Egg; L1: 1st instar; L2: 2nd instar; L3: 3rd instar; L4: 4th instar; L5: 5th instar; L6: 6th instar; P: Pupa; AF: Adult female; AM: Adult male.