Fig. 4
From: Automated classification of chondroid tumor using 3D U-Net and radiomics with deep features
Illustration of 3D U-Net architecture for chondroid tumor segmentation. This model works on 3D image patches size of [64 × 64 × 64] with voxel spacing standardized to [2.0, 0.265, 0.265] mm. The five-stage decoder-encoder structure reduces the resolution to half in each encoder stage, starting with the input of (64 × 64 × 64), and then decreasing to (32 × 32 × 32), (16 × 16 × 16), (8 × 8 × 8), and finally (4 × 4 × 4). The decoder path restores the resolution by upsampling, reversing the process to the original dimension. The skip connections link each encoder layer to the corresponding decoder layer to retain spatial information.
