Fig. 4

(a) Total area (ha) covered by different LULC classes from 2000 to 2023. (b) Percentage of total land area occupied by each LULC category over time, indicating urban expansion and waterbody decline.

(a) Total area (ha) covered by different LULC classes from 2000 to 2023. (b) Percentage of total land area occupied by each LULC category over time, indicating urban expansion and waterbody decline.