Fig. 4

(A) Treatment distribution across DMFP values. The red line represents the probability of receiving a filling, which steadily declines as DMFP increases. As the DMFP value increases, the likelihood of more extensive treatments increases; the orange line shows the probability of crown placement, which peaks at a DMFP value of approximately 0.68 before declining. The green line indicates the probability of root canal therapy (RCT), which rises with DMFP. The blue line represents the combined probability of extraction or implant placement, which increases sharply with higher DMFP scores. These trends mirror clinical practice, where increasing structural damage drives a shift toward more invasive and costly interventions. The error bars in this panel illustrate the 95% confidence intervals of the computed probabilities.(B) Treatment cost as a function of DMFP. This plot illustrates how treatment costs escalate with increasing DMFP. The red line depicts the average observed cost of treatment within 12 months following the assessment, which increases with rising DMFP values, reflecting the need for more extensive and expensive procedures as disease severity worsens. The green line represents a second-degree polynomial approximation of cost, which closely aligns with the observed trend, validating the reliability of the prediction. (C) Tooth score and caries-related deductions across DMFP values. This panel displays how the OS-B score for a tooth is calculated based on its DMFP. The blue line shows the resulting tooth score, which declines from 100 to 0 as DMFP increases from 0 to 1. In contrast, the green line shows the number of points deducted due to caries, which rises proportionally with DMFP. The deduction is derived by linearly scaling the cost function in (B), such that no points are deducted when DMFP is 0 and the maximum 100-point deduction is applied when DMFP is 1. The opposing trajectories of the two lines highlight the scoring logic and the increasing impact of carious damage.