Fig. 8

Atmospheric conditions in the Arctic Ocean during 2019 and 2022. Boxplots of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index averaged over (a) the summer months (June–August) and (b) the winter months (December–March) for each year from 2017 to 2022. Black bars highlight the averaged AO indices for 2019 and 2022, while red circles represent the Beaufort Gyre strength (BGSTR). June–August mean fields of 10-m wind vectors (m/s, vectors) and sea level pressure (SLP) (hPa, color-shaded) for (c) 2019 and (d) 2022. White circles indicate the sampling stations for each year.