Table 10 Performance metrics of battery management systems for JO-LSTM controller for PWM and HBO-LSTM for BMS.

From: Battery management in IoT hybrid grid system using deep learning algorithms based on crowd sensing and micro climatic data

Parameter

Response time

Reliability (%)

Description

Fast charging

 < 50 ms

99.9

Evaluates how quickly the system adapts to fast charging scenarios while maintaining battery health

Temperature variation

 < 100 ms

99.5

Assesses the system’s ability to adjust power management under varying temperature conditions

Load balancing

 < 70 ms

99.7

Measures how efficiently the system redistributes energy between battery cells to avoid overloading

Fault detection

 < 80 ms

99.8

Tests the system’s capability to identify and mitigate battery faults in real-time

Energy efficiency

 < 60 ms

99.9

Analyzes power consumption optimization in various operational conditions

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