Table 1 Characterization of the studied population according to the stratification of the lactulose: mannitol ratio.

From: Intestinal permeability and its relation to anthropometric and biochemical variables associated with cardiovascular risk in an elderly population

Variables

L: M ratio

P value

≤ P50

n = 27

> P50

n = 27

Socioeconomic profile

Income (BRL), median (Q1–Q3)

3647 (2500; 11,000)

5000 (2000; 8000)

0.938a

Age (years), mean (SD)

68 (6)

69 (7)

0.460b

Gender, n (%)

  

0.580c

Female

17 (63%)

15 (55.6%)

Male

10 (37%)

12 (44.4%)

Race, n (%)

  

0.486c

White

14 (51.9%)

12 (44.4%)

Mixed race

10 (37%)

10 (37%)

Black

3 (11.11%)

5 (18.5%)

Education, n (%)

  

0.269c

None

2 (7.4%)

1 (3.7%)

Incomplete elementary school

1 (3.7%)

3 (11.11%)

Complete elementary school

6 (22.2%)

2 (7.4%)

Incomplete high school

3 (11.1%)

-

Complete high school

6 (22.2%)

7 (25.9%)

Complete technical course

3.7% (1)

1 (3.7%)

Incomplete college

–

–

Complete college

8 (29.6%)

13 (48.1%)

Physical activity practice, n (%)

  

0.580c

Yes

10 (37%)

12 (44.4%)

No

17 (63%)

15 (55.6%)

Smoking, n (%)

  

-

Yes

–

–

No

27 (100%)

27 (100%)

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

  

0.761c

Yes

8 (29.6%)

7 (25.9%)

No

19 (70.4%)

20 (74.1%)

Anthropometric variables

BMI (kg/m2), median (Q1–Q3)

28.40 (24.54; 33.90)

25.21 (22.75; 29.85)

0.050a

Nutritional status, n (%)

  

0.137c

Low weight

2 (7.4%)

5 (18.5%)

Eutrophic

9 (33.3%)

13 (48.1%)

Overweight

16 (59.3%)

9 (33.3%)

Weight (kg), mean (SD)

75.85 (15.35)

68.82 (15.56)

0.261b

Waist-to-hip ratio, mean (SD)

0.93 (0.07)

0.95 (0.07)

0.221b

Waist Circumference (cm), mean (SD)

97.73 (14.32)

93.97 (9.65)

0.318b

Hip Circumference, median (Q1 – Q3)

105.50 (95; 116)

96.50 (93; 104)

0.041a

Biochemical variables

Triglycerides (mg/dL), median (Q1–Q3)

128 (93; 215)

140 (97; 174)

0.653a

HDL-c (mg/dL), mean (SD)

51 (13)

50 (13)

0.702b

LDL-c (mg/dL), mean (SD)

128.2 (33.7)

117.8 (47.1)

0.408b

VLDL-c (mg/dL), median (Q1–Q3)

25.40 (18.60; 39.80)

28 (19.40; 34.80)

0.852a

Total Cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD)

209 (37)

195 (54)

0.337b

HOMA-IR, median (Q1–Q3)

2.45 (1.44; 6.16)

2.40 (1.54; 4.14)

0.887a

HOMA-B, median (Q1–Q3)

127.60 (94.30; 173.40)

101.20 (72.30; 152.80)

0.210a

Glucose (mg/dL), median (Q1–Q3)

96 (86; 115)

99 (89; 108)

0.315a

Insulin (mU/dL), median (Q1–Q3)

11 (6.03; 19.05)

9 (7; 16)

0.723a

Us-CRP (mg/dL), median (Q1–Q3)

0.15 (0.07; 0,31)

0.16 (0.13; 0.33)

0.299a

Chronic diseases, n (%)

Depression

5 (18.5%)

1 (3.7%)

0.083c

Migraine

4 (14.8%)

1 (3.7%)

0.159c

Sinusitis

4 (14.8%)

3 (11.1%)

0.685c

Lung disease

2 (7.4%)

2 (7.4%)

1.000c

Hypertension

16 (59.3%)

13 (48.1%)

0.413c

Diabetes

5 (18.5%)

9 (33.3%)

0.214c

  1. BMI, Body Mass Index; kg/m2, kilograms (per square meter); cm, centimeters. TGL, Triglycerides; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-c, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function; Us-CRP, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein. mg/dL, milligrams per deciliter; mU/dL, milliequivalents per deciliter. Continuous variables were represented by mean (standard deviation) or median (IQR), and categorical variables by n (percentage). aMann–Whitney’s test was used to evaluate the difference between medians, bStudent’s T test was used to assess the difference between means, and cChi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
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