Table 3 Summary of the results obtained using the ML models.

From: Identifying artificial intelligence-generated content using the DistilBERT transformer and NLP techniques

Models

TF-IDF

POS

N-Gram

Acc

Pre

Re

F1

AUC-ROC

Acc

Pre

Re

F1

AUC-ROC

Acc

Pre

Re

F1

AUC-ROC

Shallow machine learning models

 DT

0.79

0.79

0.79

0.79

0.79

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.69

0.89

0.90

0.89

0.89

0.77

 LR

0.88

0.85

0.88

0.88

0.85

0.86

0.88

0.86

0.86

0.82

0.82

0.82

0.82

0.82

0.80

Ensemble learning models

 ADB

0.86

0.85

0.84

0.85

0.91

0.85

0.85

0.85

0.85

0.80

0.85

0.82

0.83

0.85

0.79

 GBM

0.91

0.93

0.90

0.91

0.88

0.92

0.90

0.89

0.91

0.92

0.89

0.87

0.91

0.91

0.88

  1. Significant values are in bold.