Table 3 Average training time per epoch for different models.

From: Comparison of deep learning models for predictive maintenance in industrial manufacturing systems using sensor data

Model

Training time (s/epoch)

CNN

120 ± 5

LSTM

150 ± 8

CNN-LSTM

180 ± 10

Bidirectional LSTM

165 ± 7

Attention-based LSTM

190 ± 12

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