Table 4 Performance comparison of different machine learning models with 95% confidence intervals.
Model | Accuracy (%) | Precision (%) | Recall (%) | F1-score (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
SVM | 89.3 ± 1.2 | 88.7 ± 1.4 | 87.2 ± 1.6 | 87.9 ± 1.3 |
Random forest | 91.8 ± 0.9 | 91.2 ± 1.1 | 89.8 ± 1.3 | 90.5 ± 1.0 |
Logistic regression | 87.6 ± 1.4 | 86.9 ± 1.6 | 85.4 ± 1.8 | 86.1 ± 1.5 |
CNN | 95.2 ± 0.6 | 94.8 ± 0.8 | 93.6 ± 1.0 | 94.2 ± 0.6 |
LSTM | 94.5 ± 0.8 | 93.9 ± 1.0 | 92.7 ± 1.2 | 93.3 ± 0.8 |
CNN-LSTM | 96.1 ± 0.4 | 95.7 ± 0.6 | 94.8 ± 0.8 | 95.2 ± 0.4 |
Bidirectional LSTM | 95.8 ± 0.6 | 95.3 ± 0.8 | 94.2 ± 1.0 | 94.7 ± 0.6 |
Attention-based LSTM | 95.6 ± 0.6 | 95.1 ± 0.8 | 93.9 ± 1.0 | 94.5 ± 0.6 |