Table 5 Performance comparison between algorithms.

From: A smart energy management system for surface unmanned vehicles for border surveillance missions

Initial time

Bidirectional Graph-based algorithm

(with static environmental conditions)

A-star algorithm with probabilistic behaviour

(with time-variable environmental conditions)

Energy Ratio between A-star and BdG Algorithms

(E\(\:ER=\frac{{A}_{star}}{BdG}-1\))

Predicted energy

*Corrected energy

Deviation

Mission time

Calculated energy

Mission time

0 h

2.37 kWh

2.01 kWh

– 15%

7,0 h

2.01 kWh

7,8 h

+ 0%

5 h

2.06 kWh

5.19 kWh

+ 152%

6,3 h

3.05 kWh

7,5 h

– 41%

9 h

1.64 kWh

3.49 kWh

+ 113%

6,4 h

3.09 kWh

7,4 h

– 11%

12 h

2.37 kWh

2.04 kWh

– 14%

7,0 h

2.04 kWh

7,7 h

+ 0%

  1. *Corrected energy is computed using the path chosen by the BdG algorithm with constant conditions but recalculated using variable conditions.