Table 2 Construct coding, CR, and AVE results.

From: Impact of generative AI interaction and output quality on university students’ learning outcomes: a technology-mediated and motivation-driven approach

Construct

Item

Measurement Items

Outer loading

CR

AVE

Cronbach’s α

GAI interaction

INT1

My interactions with GAI have become more frequent in my course work

0.868

0.888

0.726

0.888

INT2

I use GAI to seek answers when I have questions in my course work.

0.822

INT3

I use the GAI to seek advice when working on course tasks.

0.865

GAI output quality

OQU1

The output of the GAI tool provides more diverse information for my learning.

0.854

0.931

0.771

0.931

OQU2

The output of the GAI tool provides new information for my learning.

0.878

OQU3

The output of the GAI tool provided useful information for my learning.

0.891

OQU4

The output of the GAI tool provided relevant information for my learning.

0.889

Learning motivation

LM1

I am eager to gain more knowledge from my course work.

0.805

0.915

0.683

0.915

LM2

I believe that investing time in course knowledge is worthwhile.

0.840

LM3

I believe that acquiring course knowledge is important for my personal development.

0.834

LM4

Understanding the relationship between the curriculum and my life circumstances is important to me.

0.837

LM5

I actively seek out additional information to deepen my understanding of the course.

0.817

Academic self-efficacy

ACADEMIC SELF-EFFICACY1

I expect to do well compared to other students in this class.

0.835

0.910

0.717

0.910

ACADEMIC SELF-EFFICACY2

I am confident that I can understand the ideas taught in the course.

0.823

ACADEMIC SELF-EFFICACY3

I am confident that I can do well on research assignments.

0.872

ACADEMIC SELF-EFFICACY4

I think I will do well in the course.

0.856

Creative self-efficacy

CREATIVE SELF-EFFICACY1

I believe in my creative abilities.

0.802

0.901

0.695

0.902

CREATIVE SELF-EFFICACY2

Many times I have proven that I can handle difficult situations.

0.879

CREATIVE SELF-EFFICACY3

I believe I can handle problems that require creative thinking.

0.810

CREATIVE SELF-EFFICACY4

I am good at coming up with new solutions to problems.

0.842

Learning outcomes

LO1

Using GAI tools has improved my learning.

0.849

0.887

0.723

0.888

LO2

GAI tools support me to continue learning.

0.833

LO3

GAI tools support me in learning more.

0.868

Creative thinking

CRT1

I provide a new solution strategy for problems.

0.828

0.921

0.700

0.924

CRT2

I show originality in solving problems related to course work.

0.825

CRT3

I often have highly creative ideas.

0.814

CRT4

I demonstrate originality in teamwork.

0.885

CRT5

I offer new suggestions for learning tasks.

0.829

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