Table 3 Results of the logistic regression models predicting loneliness in emerging adulthood (FU18) based on maternal, paternal and child risk factors in early childhood and adolescence.

From: Long term patterns and risk factors of loneliness in young adults from an 18-Year longitudinal study in Germany

 

Maternal/Adolescent model

Paternal/Adolescent model

Reference category: No feelings of loneliness at FU18 – C

B (SD)

p

Lower (CI 95%)

OR

Upper (CI 95%)

B (SD)

p

Lower (CI 95%)

OR

Upper (CI 95%)

Triple P

(0 = no; 1 = participation)

− 0.26 (0.31)

.411

0.42

0.78

1.42

− 0.30 (0.35)

.405

0.37

0.74

1.49

Migration background

(0 = no; 1 = yes)

0.05 (0.41)

.899

0.47

1.05

2.37

0.15 (0.48)

.761

0.45

1.16

2.98

Socioeconomic status

(0 = low/middle; 1 = high)

0.15 (0.32)

.627

0.63

1.12

2.17

0.14 (0.35)

.700

0.57

1.15

2.29

Adverse childhood experiences (ACE-D) – C

0.14 (0.11)

.206

0.93

1.15

1.42

0.10 (0.14)

.492

0.83

1.10

1.46

Childhood factors

Child internalizing mental health problems (CBCL) – M/F

− 0.18 (0.02)

.404

0.94

0.98

1.02

− 0.05 (0.03)

.851

0.95

0.99

1.05

Child externalizing mental health problems (CBCL) – M/F

0.01 (0.02)

.827

0.96

1.01

1.05

− 0.04 (0.02)

.150

0.92

0.96

1.01

Parental mental health problems (DASS) – M/F

− 0.01 (0.01)

.887

0.98

0.99

1.02

0.01 (0.01)

.908

0.98

1.00

1.03

Parental dysfunctional parenting (PS) – M/F

0.07 (0.29)

.822

0.61

1.07

1.87

0.49 (0.40)

.227

0.74

1.62

3.57

Adolescent factors

School bullying – C

0.56 (0.30)

.063

0.97

1.75

3.16

0.64 (0.35)

.065

0.96

1.90

3.77

Compulsive internet use (CIUS) – C

0.01 (0.02)

.950

0.96

1.00

1.04

− 0.02 (0.02)

.469

0.95

0.99

1.03

Adolescent mental health problems (SDQ) – C

0.17 (0.04)

 < .001

1.09

1.19

1.30

0.19 (0.05)

 < .001

1.09

1.20

1.33

Constant

− 1.58 (1.26)

.209

 

0.21

 

− 1.26 (1.59)

.430

 

0.29

 

Model statistics

Chi2 (11) = 35.92, p < .001; R2 = .15 (Cox & Snell), .20 (Nagelkerke)

Chi2 (11) = 27.07, p = .004; R2 = .15 (Cox & Snell), .19 (Nagelkerke)

  1. M/F indicates values reported by mothers or fathers and – C indicates values reported by children.
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