Table 4 Results of the multiple linear regression models predicting adolescent mental health problems (FU10) based on maternal, paternal, and child risk factors in early childhood and adolescence.

	Maternal/Adolescent model					Paternal/Adolescent model
Outcome: Adolescent mental health problems (SDQ) – C	Beta	p	Lower (CI 95%)	B (SD)	Upper (CI 95%)	Beta	p	Lower (CI 95%)	B (SD)	Upper (CI 95%)
Triple P (0 = no; 1 = participation)	.03	.622	− 0.77	0.26 (0.52)	6.72	.07	.267	− 0.51	0.66 (0.59)	1.83
Migration background (0 = no; 1 = yes)	.07	.235	− 0.54	0.83 (0.70)	2.20	.03	.709	− 1.31	0.31 (0.82)	1.92
Socioeconomic status (0 = low/middle; 1 = high)	− .09	.160	− 1.82	− 0.76 (0.54)	0.30	− .10	.163	− 2.03	− 0.84 (0.60)	0.34
Adverse childhood experiences (ACE-D) – C	.21	.001	0.23	0.56 (0.17)	0.89	.26	< .001	0.39	0.83 (0.22)	1.26
Childhood factors
Child internalizing mental health problems (CBCL) – M/F	− .02	.776	− 0.08	− 0.01 (0.04)	0.06	.13	.179	− 0.03	0.06 (0.04)	0.14
Child externalizing mental health problems (CBCL) – M/F	.11	.191	− 0.02	0.05 (0.04)	0.12	.11	.224	− 0.03	0.05 (0.04)	0.13
Parental mental health problems (DASS) – M/F	.12	.075	− 0.01	0.03 (0.02)	0.06	− .03	.732	− 0.05	− 0.01 (0.02)	0.04
Parental dysfunctional parenting (PS) – M/F	.08	.239	− 0.38	0.57 (0.48)	1.52	.08	.286	− 0.50	0.59 (0.56)	1.69
Adolescent factors
School bullying – C	.08	.182	− 0.32	0.69 (0.51)	1.70	.08	.244	− 0.47	0.68 (0.58)	1.83
Compulsive internet use (CIUS) – C	.30	< .001	0.10	0.16 (0.03)	0.22	.27	< .001	0.07	0.14 (0.03)	0.20
Constant		.582	− 3.78	1.47 (2.66)	6.72		.636	− 7.83	− 1.52 (3.20)	4.80
Model statistics	F (10) = 7.84, p < .001; Adjusted R² = .24					F (10) = 6.94, p < .001; Adjusted R² = .26

M/F indicates values reported by mothers or fathers and – C indicates values reported by children.

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