Table 5 Comparison of the present study with the previous study.

From: Study on the battery thermal management system for cylindrical lithium-ion battery with nano-doped phase change material and liquid cooling

BTMS method

Peak temperature at 3 C

Observation

References

Natural convection

51.16 °C,

Improved conductivity, Partial phase change

Current study

Pure PCM

(paraffin only) Nano-Enhanced PCM (10% Al2O3),

47.81 °C,

Hybrid BTMS

44.80 °C

(PCM + Counterflow water cooling)

40.81 °C

Air cooling (Fan-based)

55–60 °C

Limited by the low heat capacity of air

2

PCM-only (paraffin)

48–50 °C

Effective up to 1–2 C only

25

Liquid cooling (water)

42–44 °C

High thermal control but energy-intensive

26

Advanced nanofluid-based cooling

39–41 °C

Require pump power and nanofluid management

25

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