Table 3 Three types of QCA.
Feature | Crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA) | Multi-value Qualitative Comparative Analysis (mvQCA) | Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) |
|---|---|---|---|
Variable Type | Binary variables only (0 or 1) | Multi-value variables (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3, etc.) | Fuzzy set variables (continuous values between 0 and 1) |
Data Handling | Simplifies variables into binary form, suitable for Boolean algebra | Extends csQCA to allow multiple discrete values for variables | Calibrates variables into membership scores between 0 and 1, allowing for partial membership |
Applicable Scenarios | Suitable for clear-cut binary problems, such as “yes” or “no” | Suitable for variables with multiple categories or levels | Suitable for continuous variables or cases with partial membership |
Advantages | Simple and intuitive Suitable for clear binary problems | Increased variable information Can handle multi-category variables | More precise differentiation Allows partial membership, closer to reality |
Limitations | Risk of information loss Forcing binary division may lead to contradictory configurations | Need to determine threshold values for multi-value variables | Need to select appropriate calibration points for membership scores |
