Table 2 The number of subjects who showed statistically significant (sign.) or non-significant changes in joint contact forces (JCF) from one footwear condition to the other (BF: barefoot, MM: minimal, NS: normal shoes) in the two different speeds.

From: Joint contact forces during barefoot, minimal and conventional shod running are highly individual

  

BF to MM

BF to NS

MM to NS

Sign.

Not sign.

Sign.

Not sign.

Sign.

not sign.

Effect size

Effect size

Effect size

s

m

l

s

m

l

s

m

l

Hip JCF [BW]

2.0 m/s

10

2

0

4

11

2

0

3

12

1

0

3

2.5 m/s

13

0

0

3

10

0

0

6

10

0

0

6

Knee JCF [BW]

2.0 m/s

14

1

0

1

12

1

0

3

9

1

0

6

2.5 m/s

12

0

0

4

15

0

0

1

11

0

0

5

Ankle JCF [BW]

2.0 m/s

9

1

1

5

9

1

3

3

10

2

2

1

2.5 m/s

9

2

0

5

11

3

1

1

13

0

1

2

  1. Additionally, the effect size for the significant change is given as small (s), medium (m) or large (l) according to Cohen’s rule of thumb, which resulted in small effects being smaller than 0.035, large effects being higher than 0.1 and medium being between those two50.