Fig. 5

(a–d) Hong Kong’s GDP values exposed to ESL in different scenarios and years; (e) Bar chart of GDP values threatened by ESL under different configurations; (f) Bar chart of percentages of GDP values threatened by ESL under different configurations. The maps were created using ArcGIS Pro V3.4 by ESRI, which can be accessed from https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-pro/.