Table 1 Knowledge, attitude, and practice scores stratified according to the baseline characteristics of the participants.

All medical staff

402 (100%)

7.3 ± 1.1

33.0 ± 4.7

11.8 ± 2.7

Age (years)

33.5 ± 7.6

–

–

–

Gender

Male

69 (17.2%)

7.7 ± 1.1

34.4 ± 5.2

12.3 ± 2.6

Female

333 (82.8%)

7.2 ± 1.1

32.8 ± 4.5

11.7 ± 2.7

Type of institution

Primary hospital

6 (1.5%)

6.2 ± 1.3

30.7 ± 6.6

9.7 ± 2.0

Secondary hospital

221 (55.0%)

7.3 ± 1.3

33.3 ± 4.8

11.8 ± 2.8

Tertiary hospital

175 (43.5%)

7.3 ± 1.0

32.9 ± 4.6

11.9 ± 2.6

Education level

High school/technical secondary school

7 (1.7%)

7.1 ± 1.2

31.7 ± 2.8

11.3 ± 2.6

Junior college/bachelor’s degree

357 (88.8%)

7.2 ± 1.2

32.9 ± 4.8

11.8 ± 2.7

Master’s degree or above

38 (9.5%)

7.8 ± 0.7

34.7 ± 3.2

12.1 ± 2.5

Occupation

Obstetrician and gynecologist

93 (23.1%)

7.1 ± 1.0

32.9 ± 3.9

11.8 ± 2.5

Obstetrics and gynecology nurse

73 (18.2%)

6.7 ± 1.4

30.2 ± 4.8

11.1 ± 2.8

Anesthetist

136 (33.8%)

7.7 ± 1.0

34.8 ± 4.3

11.7 ± 2.9

Midwife

100 (24.9%)

7.3 ± 1.1

32.9 ± 4.8

12.6 ± 2.4

Duration of professional experience (years)

10.3 ± 8.3

–

–

–

Marital status

Unmarried/other

100 (24.9%)

7.4 ± 1.1

31.8 ± 5.2

11.4 ± 2.8

Married

302 (75.1%)

7.2 ± 1.1

33.4 ± 4.5

12.0 ± 2.7

Does respondent’s institution offer labor analgesia?

Yes

316 (78.6%)

7.4 ± 1.0

33.8 ± 4.3

12.3 ± 2.3

No

86 (21.4%)

6.6 ± 1.5

30.4 ± 5.1

10.0 ± 3.3

Does respondent’s institution have a standardized protocol for labor analgesia?

Yes

337 (83.8%)

7.4 ± 1.0

33.3 ± 4.6

12.3 ± 2.4

No

65 (16.2%)

6.8 ± 1.6

31.5 ± 5.0

9.5 ± 3.0

Does respondent’s institution provide standardized training to the staff providing labor analgesia?

Yes

342 (85.1%)

7.3 ± 1.0

33.3 ± 4.6

12.2 ± 2.4

No

60 (14.9%)

6.8 ± 1.7

31.7 ± 5.0

9.5 ± 3.2

Does respondent’s hospital or government provide any incentives for labor analgesia?

Yes

235 (58.5%)

7.2 ± 1.0

32.6 ± 4.6

12.1 ± 2.5

No

167 (41.5%)

7.3 ± 1.3

33.7 ± 4.8

11.5 ± 3.0