Table 3 Comparison of laboratory parameters between groups. HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; FBG: fasting blood glucose; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; INR: international normalized ratio; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha, MDA: malondialdehyde; S.D: standard deviation. (#): unpaired t test; (##): paired t test; (@) Mann Whitney U test; (”): Wilcoxon signed ranks test. P value 1 is for comparison variables between the two groups; P value 2 is for comparison variables in one group; *P value < 0.05 is considered significant.

HbA1c (mg/dl): Mean ± S.D

Baseline

7.4 ± 1.6

7.2 ± 1.6

0.506#

End of study

7.9 ± 2.0

7.5 ± 2.0

0.482#

P value 2

0.140 ##

0.175##

FBG (mg/dl): Mean ± S.D

Baseline

145.9 ± 38.0

138.2 ± 41.7

0.414#

End of study

157.3 ± 44.7

154.1 ± 47.1

0.775#

P value 2

0.157##

0.152##

TC (mg/dl): Mean ± S.D

Baseline

218.6 ± 50.9

218.4 ± 53.2

0.991#

End of study

201.5 ± 47.7

176.1 ± 37.0

0.056#

P value 2

0.028*##

< 0.001*##

TG (mg/dl): Median (Range)

Baseline

137 (78–312)

150 (65–475)

0.726@

End of study

113.5 (61–349)

125 (43–341)

0.882@

P value 2

0.257”

0.065”

LDL-C (mg/dl): Mean ± S.D

Baseline

141.0 ± 53.5

138.1 ± 55.5

0.821#

End of study

128.5 ± 50.8

98.2 ± 39.4

0.024*#

P value 2

0.204##

< 0.001*##

HDL-C (mg/dl): Mean ± S.D

Baseline

45.1 ± 7.5

44.5 ± 9.1

0.767#

End of study

44.3 ± 6.6

49.6 ± 8.9

0.024*#

P value 2

0.389##

< 0.001*##

INR: Median (Range)

Baseline

1 (1-1.1)

1 (1.0-1.1)

0.822@

End of study

1 (1–1.0)

1 (1.0-2.1)

0.131@

P value 2

0.317”

0.264”

TNF-α: Mean ± S.D

Baseline

18.1 ± 6.8

20.0 ± 8.3

0.283#

End of study

20.6 ± 5.7

16.5 ± 7.4

0.044*#

P value 2

0.092##

< 0.001*##

MDA: Median (Range)

Baseline

4.7 (1.4–12.5)

6.1 (1.5–23.5)

0.127@

End of study

3.5 (0.9–19.0)

3.9 (1.0–19.0)

0.693@

P value 2

0.320”

0.028*”