Fig. 2

Sperm metabolomic analysis. (A) Representative two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry chromatogram of sperm metabolome; Score plot of principal component analysis showing distinct clustering of quality controls (gray), normozoospermia (yellow), asthenozoospermia (blue), and teratozoospermia (red); Pathway enrichment plot of 89 metabolites among asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia and normozoospermia. (B) volcano plot, bar chart and pathway enrichment plot of differential metabolites between asthenozoospermia and normozoospermia. (C) volcano plot, bar chart and pathway enrichment plot of differential metabolites between teratozoospermia and normozoospermia.