Table 1 Qualitative comparison of control strategies for web tension optimization.
From: AI-driven digital twin for autonomous web tension control in Roll-to-Roll manufacturing system
| Â | BO (Proposed) | MPC | PSO | Manual Tuning/Grid Search |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Model requirement | No | Yes | No | No |
Optimization phase | Outside control loop | During control | Outside control loop | Outside control loop |
Adaptability | High (via online updates) | Medium (if updated regularly) | Low (fixed once tuned) | None |
Computational Load | Low | High | Low (after tuning) | None |
Real-Time Suitability | Yes (with DT-based updates) | Conditional (depends on model) | No | No |
Sample efficiency | High | Medium | Medium | Low |
Uncertainty handling | Yes | No | No | No |
