Fig. 5

Malondialdehyde (MDA) level in L4 (a), L3 (b), and stem (c) of R72 and HN at five time points. Statistical analysis was performed using Duncan’s test to compare the DAI of R72 (presented as small letters) and HN (presented as capital letters), and the same letters were not significantly different (p < 0.05). Asterisks indicate level of statistical significance between cultivars at the same DAI based on ANOVA: * p≤ 0.05, ** p≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001.