Fig. 5

Schematic diagram of the frequency theory. (a) The 181 T-LEs within the study area from 2018 to 2021, with known values of rainfall duration D and the mean rainfall intensity I. The black line is the best fit (least squares method) of the empirical rainfall conditions (D, I). (b) Kernel density estimation of the differences δ (blue dotted line) fitted with a Gaussian function (black) for the distribution of the empirical data points (D, I); the red line represents the threshold corresponding to the 5% exceedance probability (T₅).