Table 1 Geographical information of all faunas compared in this study.

From: Savanna ecosystems and mammalian adaptations in Mid-Miocene Northern China

Latitude range

Region

Fauna

Age interval

Higher than N40°

Atlantic east coast (Europe)

Sandelzhausen

MMCO

Sansan

MMCO

Steinheim

MMCT

Central Asia

(non-monsoon)

Halamagai (Junggar Basin)

MMCO

Kekemaideng (Junggar Basin)

MMCT

East Asia

Tunggur

MMCT

Columbia Plateau

(North America)

Oregon

MMCO and MMCT

Great Plain

(North America)

Nebraska

MMCT

N30°–

approximate N40°

Atlantic east coast (Europe)

Madrid Basin

MMCO and MMCT

Central Asia

(non-monsoon)

Tuosu (Qaidam Basin)

late Miocene

East Asia (monsoon)

lower Tongxin

MMCO

upper Tongxin

MMCT

Linxia Basin

MMCO and MMCT

Lantian

late Miocene

Baode

late Miocene