Table 1 Methodological comparative analysis.

⁹

Engineered interfaces in nanomaterials

To design intermetallic heterostructures for catalysis

Demonstrated enhanced stability and catalytic activity through interface engineering.

Scalability of synthesis methods not discussed.

¹⁰

2D heterostructure assembly

Synthesis of 2D heterostructured architectures

Achieved precise structural control enabling advanced material properties.

Limited to specific 2D material systems.

¹¹

Z-scheme semiconductor nanomaterials

Application in melanoma therapy

Showed dual programmed cell death mechanisms enabled by solid-state electron mediation.

Focuses only on biomedical applications.

¹²

Heterostructured nanocomposites

Hydrogen sulfide gas sensing

Achieved high sensitivity and selectivity with novel nanocomposites.

Performance in diverse environments untested.

⁵

CoSxxx electrocatalysts

Comparison of amorphous and crystalline states

Highlighted superior HER efficiency of amorphous structures anchored on CNTs.

Limited analysis of long-term stability.

¹³

Sn₃O₄ nanomaterials

Photocatalytic applications

Provided synthesis methods and photocatalytic performance benchmarks.

Does not explore applications beyond photocatalysis.

¹⁴

Heterostructured fibers

Enhanced electrochemical capacitance

Demonstrated vertical alignment for improved capacitance in heterostructured fibers.

Optimization of scalability needed.

⁸

Metal matrix composites

Structural applications

Survey of heterostructured composites for structural integrity under varied conditions.

Mechanical property testing not exhaustive.

¹⁵

Nanomaterials as lubricants

Enhancing lubricant performance

Improved friction-reducing capabilities with nanomaterials.

High-cost synthesis methods for mass production.

¹⁶

Functionalized nanomaterials

Applications in hybrid capacitors

Reviewed advancements in hybrid supercapacitors using functionalized nanomaterials.

Limited comparison with traditional capacitors.

¹⁷

2D nanomaterial gas sensors

Gas sensing technology development

Achieved high sensitivity and robustness for diverse gases.

Device integration challenges.

²⁰

Quantized nanomaterials

Optical property enhancement

Explored size and composition effects on quantized nanomaterials for tailored optical properties.

Long-term stability analysis missing.

²¹

PtNi alloy nanocrystals

Catalysis for hydrogen evolution

Enhanced HER performance through ultrathin Pt shells in fcc/hcp PtNi nanocrystals.

Cost considerations of Pt use.

²²

SeO₂-TiO₂ nanoprobes

Environmental contaminant detection

Achieved high selectivity and sensitivity for neonicotinoid insecticides.

Limited to specific contaminants.

²³

Rational catalyst design^ePara>

Transition from trial-and-error to rational synthesis

Developed guidelines for catalyst design to maximize efficiency.

High computational resources required.

²⁴

Fe₂O₃-SnO₂ nanowires

Gas sensing enhancement

Improved acetone sensing at low concentrations through Au-catalyzed nanowires.

Not tested for other gases.

¹⁸

Laser-induced cubic BN synthesis

Fabrication of advanced nanomaterials

Proposed a novel method for synthesizing cubic BN nanoneedles for various applications.

Limited to cubic BN systems.

¹⁹

MOFs in supercapacitors

Innovative supercapacitor materials

Improved energy storage capabilities through novel MOF-based composites.

Limited cyclic stability testing.

²⁵

MnO₂/r-GO nanocomposites

Photocatalytic activity enhancement

Achieved significant improvements in photocatalytic efficiency through heterostructured composites.

Limited scalability analysis.

²⁶

Palladium-nickel alloys

Catalysis for nitrobenzene hydrogenation

Designed selective hydrogenation interfaces with high activity.

Focuses on a single chemical reaction.

²⁷

Fe-series nanomaterials in Li-S batteries

Energy storage performance improvement

Explored sulfur conversion mechanisms for better battery performance.

High synthesis complexity.

²⁸

CO₂-assisted synthesis

Photocatalyst fabrication

Developed novel synthesis techniques for Bi-based photocatalysts.

Limited real-world testing.

²⁹

Mega libraries for material discovery

Accelerated material discovery

Enabled rapid exploration of material properties and compositions using large libraries.

Requires high-throughput infrastructure.

³⁰

ZnO-CuO thin films

Xylene gas detection

Developed spray-deposited thin films with high sensitivity for xylene detection.

Stability under diverse conditions untested.

³¹

Sulfides/carbon composites

Electromagnetic wave absorption

Triggered strong polarization coupling for robust wave absorption.

Limited scalability testing.

³²

Miscibility of immiscible elements

Nanometre-scale material engineering

Demonstrated complete miscibility of traditionally immiscible elements at nanoscales.

Limited to specific element systems.

³³

MoS₂/Ag nanocomposites

Photocatalytic activity via surface plasmons

Enhanced photocatalytic performance through biocompatible synthesis.

Focused on a single nanocomposite system.

³⁴

Magnetite/silver core-shell nanoparticles

Antimicrobial applications

Developed core-shell nanoparticles with high efficacy against drug-resistant bacteria.

Limited analysis of biocompatibility.

³⁵

Multishelled nanostructures

Synthesis and applications

Developed hollow multishelled structures for diverse applications.

Synthesis scalability untested.

³⁶

Core/shell nanocrystals

Nitrate electroreduction

Achieved efficient nitrate reduction with intermetallic single-atom alloy layers.

High material costs.

³⁷

MoS₂-based gas sensors

Gas sensing performance

Reviewed advancements in MoS2​-based sensors with high sensitivity and robustness.

Device integration challenges remain.

³⁸

MOF-derived Co₃S₄ nanoparticles

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER)

Enhanced OER efficiency through graphdiyne coatings on nanoparticles.

Focused only on OER systems.

³⁹

Iridium dioxide stabilization

High-potential OER

Stabilized iridium dioxide under high potentials for efficient OER.

Focused on a single catalyst material.

⁴⁰

Cu₃P − Ni₂P heterostructures

Nitrate to ammonia reduction

High-efficiency electrocatalytic conversion of nitrate to ammonia with assembled membrane electrodes.

Cost and scalability limitations.

⁴¹

Chitosan@Fe₂O₃/rGO/Bi₂S₃ composites

Eco-friendly photocatalysts

Achieved superior pollutant degradation and catalytic stability.

Focuses on specific pollutants.

⁴²

BMOF photocatalytic materials

Wastewater treatment and energy production

Improved efficiency in photocatalytic energy production and wastewater remediation.

Requires additional real-world testing.

⁴³

Ag/Ag₂​O@Bi₂​MoO₆/ZnO composites

Photocatalytic degradation and hydrogen production

Demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic degradation and hydrogen production performance.

Limited long-term operational testing.