Table 6 Top 20 cities by betweenness centrality (Freighter Routes).
From: Spatial evolution of international air cargo network connectivity in China: 1996–2019
Ranking | 1996 | 2002 | 2008 | 2014 | 2019 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
City | Betweenness | City | Betweenness | City | Betweenness | City | Betweenness | City | Betweenness | |
1 | Shanghai | 64.717 | Shanghai | 78.465 | Shanghai | 69.577 | Shanghai | 58.398 | Shanghai | 43.357 |
2 | Beijing | 29.027 | Beijing | 16.163 | Shenzhen | 10.685 | Guangzhou | 21.841 | Zhengzhou | 17.378 |
3 | New York | 17.482 | Seoul | 13.338 | Seoul | 10.596 | Hong Kong | 13.325 | Guangzhou | 16.448 |
4 | Novosibirsk | 16.225 | Moscow | 4.334 | Beijing | 9.357 | Seoul | 8.812 | Seoul | 9.927 |
5 | Shenzhen | 7.188 | Tokyo | 4.255 | Tianjin | 8.004 | Zhengzhou | 8.683 | Hong Kong | 8.304 |
6 | Ulyanovsk | 4.557 | Baku | 4.255 | Moscow | 7.249 | Beijing | 5.26 | Kunming | 7.549 |
7 | Tianjin | 3.637 | Osaka | 1.608 | Guangzhou | 5.991 | Taipei | 5.105 | Shenzhen | 5.96 |
8 | Shenyang | 3.637 | Hong Kong | 1.608 | Osaka | 3.806 | Tianjin | 2.869 | Tianjin | 5.771 |
9 | Chicago | 3.448 | Nagoya | 1.019 | Xiamen | 2.626 | Chongqing | 2.576 | Taipei | 5.545 |
10 | Dalian | 3.325 | Chicago | 0.849 | Tokyo | 2.534 | Dhaka | 2.427 | Wuhan | 4.983 |
11 | Irkutsk | 2.709 | Subic Bay | 0.849 | Chengdu | 2.348 | Hangzhou | 2.105 | Anchorage | 3.817 |
12 | Hong Kong | 1.642 | Anchorage | 0.849 | Dhaka | 2.299 | Chengdu | 1.805 | Chongqing | 3.54 |
13 | Brussels | 1.359 | Shenzhen | 0.801 | Frankfurt | 2.207 | Tokyo | 1.706 | Ho Chi Minh City | 3.51 |
14 | Subic Bay | 1.359 | Memphis | 0.54 | Anchorage | 2.136 | Frankfurt | 1.66 | Tokyo | 3.173 |
15 | Anchorage | 1.359 | Xiamen | 0.131 | Amsterdam | 1.696 | Almaty | 1.405 | Singapore | 2.983 |
16 | Cairo | 0.774 | Portland | 0.079 | Nanjing | 1.617 | Amsterdam | 1.325 | Osaka | 2.869 |
17 | Milan | 0.774 | New York | 0.079 | Chicago | 1.518 | Krasnoyarsk | 1.233 | Baku | 2.665 |
18 | Dubai | 0.774 | Ontario | 0.079 | Delhi | 1.498 | Los Angeles | 1.215 | Chicago | 2.634 |
19 | Osaka | 0.585 | Nadi | 0.079 | Hong Kong | 1.352 | Luxembourg | 1.152 | Urumqi | 2.197 |
20 | Tokyo | 0.585 | San Francisco | 0.079 | Bangkok | 1.109 | Osaka | 0.978 | Bishkek | 2.095 |
