Table 7 Top 20 cities by betweenness centrality (Bellyhold cargo Routes).
From: Spatial evolution of international air cargo network connectivity in China: 1996–2019
Ranking | 1996 | 2002 | 2008 | 2014 | 2019 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
City | Betweenness | City | Betweenness | City | Betweenness | City | Betweenness | City | Betweenness | |
1 | Beijing | 58.495 | Beijing | 55.791 | Beijing | 27.221 | Beijing | 46.471 | Beijing | 34.375 |
2 | Shanghai | 57.849 | Shanghai | 24.822 | Shanghai | 26.99 | Shanghai | 19.897 | Shanghai | 23.012 |
3 | Novosibirsk | 41.47 | Hong Kong | 18.477 | Seoul | 8.567 | Seoul | 12.408 | Guangzhou | 14.367 |
4 | Shenzhen | 7.484 | Seoul | 11.844 | Guangzhou | 6.315 | Taipei | 12.255 | Bangkok | 10.542 |
5 | Tianjin | 4.151 | Urumqi | 5.248 | Hong Kong | 5.467 | Guangzhou | 10.061 | Taipei | 6.842 |
6 | Shenyang | 4.151 | Bangkok | 4.959 | Urumqi | 5.23 | Urumqi | 10.025 | Kunming | 5.103 |
7 | Subic Bay | 3.844 | Macau | 3.895 | Shenzhen | 3.078 | Chengdu | 6.05 | Shenzhen | 4.906 |
8 | Brussels | 3.844 | Kunming | 3.409 | Kunming | 2.432 | Hong Kong | 4.943 | Chengdu | 4.426 |
9 | Anchorage | 3.844 | Dalian | 2.594 | Dubai | 1.718 | Kaohsiung | 3.965 | Singapore | 4.111 |
10 | Chicago | 3.844 | Osaka | 2.436 | Moscow | 1.478 | Singapore | 3.897 | Urumqi | 3.974 |
11 | Tokyo | 3.844 | Moscow | 2.346 | Singapore | 1.397 | Ulaanbaatar | 2.376 | Seoul | 3.897 |
12 | Memphis | 3.844 | Harbin | 2.095 | Macau | 1.259 | Paris | 2.171 | Hong Kong | 3.319 |
13 | New York | 3.844 | Tianjin | 2.063 | Tokyo | 1.052 | Jinan | 2.015 | Sanya | 3.28 |
14 | Osaka | 3.844 | Guangzhou | 1.974 | Osaka | 0.892 | Bangkok | 1.989 | Osaka | 2.871 |
15 | Ulyanovsk | 1.9 | Hanoi | 1.971 | Islamabad | 0.863 | Taichung | 1.844 | Kuala Lumpur | 2.231 |
16 | Qingdao | 1.032 | Tokyo | 1.907 | Kathmandu | 0.781 | Macau | 1.824 | Chiang Mai | 1.849 |
17 | Dalian | 1.032 | Xi’an | 1.901 | Tianjin | 0.773 | Tianjin | 1.497 | Hangzhou | 1.844 |
18 | Irkutsk | 0.072 | Hangzhou | 1.83 | Xiamen | 0.732 | Chongqing | 1.458 | Xi’an | 1.79 |
19 | Delhi | 0 | Fuzhou | 1.808 | Frankfurt | 0.729 | Kunming | 1.409 | Phuket | 1.627 |
20 | Paris | 0 | Kathmandu | 1.709 | Kuala Lumpur | 0.698 | Islamabad | 1.298 | Changsha | 1.352 |
