Table 8 Analysis of the evolutionary stages of china’s international air cargo network (1996–2019).

From: Spatial evolution of international air cargo network connectivity in China: 1996–2019

Stage

Period

Network structure

Key driving factors

Description

First

1996–2002

Single-center polarization

Emergence of export-oriented economy

Resources highly concentrated in coastal hubs, forming a single-center network structure

Second

2002–2014

Multi-center diffusion

Impact of WTO accession

Inland nodes rise as new cargo hubs under the policy-driven expansion

Third

2014–2019

Hierarchical collaboration

Implementation of the BRI

Hierarchical and regional reorganization of the network, with specialized division of node functions

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