Table 2 Smoothness test.

From: Application of the adaptive sparrow search algorithm in medical supply engineering

Model control form

Original series

First-order difference

Intercept and Quadratic Trend

-3.743

(0.063*)

-3.448

(0.001***)

Intercept and Trend

-2.145

(0.521)

-3.890

(0.002**)

Intercept

0.143

(0.969)

-4.025

(0.008***)

None

1.335

(0.954)

-4.025

(0.029**)

  1. Note: ***, **, and * denote significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively; the ADF statistic is reported outside the parentheses, and the p-value inside the parentheses.
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