Table 1 Description of previous studies on LBW prediction.

Reza, T.B. et al.²⁰

LBW feature selection and prediction using ML

Boruta algorithm and Wrapper method

Several ML classifiers

The wrapper method is the most effective way to select features. RF classification worked best for classification

Ranjbar A et al.²¹

LBW prediction with ML

8 different learning models

Classification with XGBoost outperformed all others

de Morais FL.et al.²²

LBW prediction with tree-based ML model

5 ML classifiers

Attribute selection and eliminating duplicate data improves the model

Naimi, A.I et al.²³

Fetal growth prediction with ML

Regression-based and data mining techniques

Smoking while pregnant raised the chances of SGA

Tao, J., et al.²⁴

Fetal birthweight prediction by a temporal ML method

Convolutional Neuron Networks (CNN), RF, Linear-Regression, Support Vector Regression (SVR), Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), and hybrid-LSTM

Hybrid-LSTM has the highest accuracy of 93.3

Rubaiya et al.²⁵

Unravelling birthweight determinants: Integrating ML, spatial analysis, and district-level mapping

Regression tree

Creates maps at the district level for regions that are at high risk of LBW