Fig. 3

Estimated long-term average (1969—2021) of annual and monthly erosivity across India. Units differ by panel: a) MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ year⁻¹ for annual erosivity; b) to m) MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ month⁻¹ for the monthly erosivity. Rounded areal percentages are shown as bar plots at the bottom of each panel; minor rounding discrepancies may result in slight deviations. For prediction errors associated with the maps, refer to Table 2. The maps were generated using R version 4.4.3 with the packages ggplot2, sf, and raster.