Fig. 4

SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) summary plot showing the importance of geo-climatic predictors contributing to the spatial variation of rainfall erosivity across India. The variables on the Y-axis are ranked by their importance, from high (top) to low (bottom), based on their average SHAP values. Each point represents a SHAP value for an individual observation, with color indicating the magnitude of the feature value—violet for high values and yellow for low values. The plot illustrates the contribution of each geo-climatic variable to rainfall erosivity, with wider distributions indicating greater variability in feature impact across the dataset. The plots were generated using R version 4.4.3 with the package ggplot2.