Table 1 Simulated indicators used to measure forest management effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES).
From: Optimizing sustainable and multifunctional management of Alpine Forests under climate change
Indicator group | Indicator | Unit | Indicator weights for opt. scenario | Objective function | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Timber / Multifunctionality | Enterprise | ||||
Protection | Rockfall protection index | – | 0.5 | 0.5 | Minimize the sum of downside deviations from the MaxMin value for each forest stand |
Avalanche protection index | – | 0.5 | 0.5 | ||
Timber production | Timber harvested | \(m^3~ ha^{-1}\) | 0.8 | 0.8 | Maximize the sum over all periods |
Productivity | \(m^3~ ha^{-1}~ yr^{-1}\) | 0.2 | 0.2 | ||
Biodiversity conservation | Number of habitat trees | n | 0.25 | 0.23 | |
Amount of deadwood | \(m^3~ ha^{-1}\) | 0.25 | 0.15 | ||
Shannon index (species diversity) | – | 0.25 | 0.31 | Maximize the sum over all periods | |
Post-hoc index (structural diversity) | – | 0.25 | 0.31 | ||
Recreation | Size of largest trees | m | 0.22 | 0.22 | Maximize the sum over all periods |
Variation in tree size (post-hoc index) | – | 0.17 | 0.17 | ||
Variation in tree species (Shannon index) | – | 0.11 | 0.11 | ||
Visual permeation through stand (stand density index) | – | 0.17 | 0.17 | ||
Deadwood (harvest residue) | \(m^3~ ha^{-1}\) | 0.22 | 0.22 | ||
Deadwood (natural mortality) | \(m^3~ ha^{-1}\) | 0.11 | 0.11 | ||
Carbon sequestration | Carbon sequestration | \(t C~ ha^{-1}\) | 1 | 0 | Maximize the sum over all periods |
